Temporal proximity to verify physical proximity

ABSTRACT

A security system assesses the response time to requests for information to determine whether the responding system is in physical proximity to the requesting system. Generally, physical proximity corresponds to temporal proximity. If the response time indicates a substantial or abnormal lag between request and response, the system assumes that the lag is caused by the request and response having to travel a substantial or abnormal physical distance, or caused by the request being processed to generate a response, rather than being answered by an existing response in the physical possession of a user. If a substantial or abnormal lag is detected, for example due to the fact that the information was downloaded from the Internet, the system is configured to limit subsequent access to protected material by the current user, and/or to notify security personnel of the abnormal response lag.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

1. Field of the Invention

This invention relates to the field of data protection, and in particular to protecting data from illicit copying from a remote location.

2. Description of Related Art

The protection of data is becoming an increasingly important area of security. In many situations, the authority to copy or otherwise process information is correlated to the physical proximity of the information to the device that is effecting the copying or other processing. For example, audio and video performances are recorded on CDs, DVDs, and the like. If a person purchases a CD or DVD, the person traditionally has a right to copy or otherwise process the material, for backup purposes, to facilitate use, and so on, When the person who purchased the material desires to use the material, it is not unreasonable to assume that the person will have the CD or DVD within physical proximity of the device that will use the material. If, on the other hand, the person does not have proper ownership of the material, it is likely that the person will not have physical possession of the material, and hence, the material will be physically remote from the device that is intended to use the material. For example, the illicit copying or rendering of material from an Internet site or other remote location corresponds to material being physically remote from the device that is used to copy the material.

In like manner, security systems are often configured to verify information associated with a user, such as verifying biometric parameters, such as fingerprints, pupil scans, and the like. In a simpler example, security systems are often configured to process information provided by a user, such as information contained on an identification tag, smartcard, etc. Generally, the information or parameters can be provided easily by an authorized user, because the authorized user is in possession of the media that contains the information. An unauthorized user, on the other hand will often not have the original media that contains the verification information, but may have a system that can generate/regenerate the security information or parameters from a remote location.

Similarly, some systems, such as an office LAN, or computers in a laboratory, are configured to be secured by controlling physical access to terminals that are used to access the system. If the user has access to the system, the assumption is that the user is authorized to access the system. Some security measures, such as identification verification, are sometimes employed, but typically not as extensively as the security measures for systems that lack physical isolation.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of this invention to provide a system or method of preventing the use of material in the absence of evidence that the material is in the physical possession of the user. It is a further object of this invention to prevent the use of material in the presence of evidence that the material is remote from the device that is intended to use the material. It is a further object of this invention to prevent access to systems in the presence of evidence that the user is remote from the system.

These objects and others are achieved by providing a security system that assesses the response time to requests for information. Generally, physical proximity corresponds to temporal proximity. If the response time indicates a substantial or abnormal lag between request and response, the system assumes that the lag is caused by the request and response having to travel a substantial or abnormal physical distance, or caused by the request being processed to generate a response, rather than being answered by an existing response in the physical possession of a user. If a substantial or abnormal lag is detected, the system is configured to limit subsequent access to protected material by the current user, and/or to notify security personnel of the abnormal response lag.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention is explained in further detail, and by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawing wherein:

FIG. 1 illustrates an example control access system in accordance with this invention.

Throughout the drawing, the same reference numerals indicate similar or corresponding features or functions.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

For ease of reference and understanding, the invention is presented herein in the context of a copy-protection scheme, wherein the processing of copy-protected material is controlled via a verification that the user of the material is in physical possession of the copy-protected material.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example control access system 100 in accordance with this invention. The control access system 100 includes a processor 120 that is configured to process material from a physical media, such as a CD 130, via an access device 132, such as a reader. The storage medium 125 such as a processor 120 may be a recording device that records one or more songs from the CD 130 onto a memory stick, onto a compilation CD, and so on. The processor 120 may also be a playback device that is configured to provide an output suitable for human perception, such as images on a screen, sounds from a speaker 127, and so on. The term “rendering” is used herein to include a processing, transformation, storage, and so on, of material received by the processor 120. Using this context and terminology, the example processor 120 includes a renderer 122 that provides the interface with the access device 132, and a verifier 126 that is configured to verify the presence of authorized material 130.

When a user commences the rendering of material from the media 130, the processor 120 is configured to verify the presence of the media 130. One method of effecting this verification is to request the access device 132 to provide evidence that the media 130 is available to provide material or information that differs from the material that the user is attempting to render. For example, if the user commences the rendering of a song, the verifier 126 may direct the renderer 122 to request a portion of a different song from the access device 132. If the access device is unable to provide the requested portion of a different song, the verifier 126 can conclude that the media 130 is not actually present for rendering, and will terminate subsequent rendering of the material that the user intended to render, via the gate 124.

For example, a user may illicitly download a selection of different copy-protected songs from a remote site 140 on the Internet 144, and then attempt to create a compilation CD containing these user-selected songs. Typically, the size of an entire album of material discourages the downloading of each album that contains the user-selected songs. When the verifier 126 requests a portion of a different song from the album corresponding to an actual CD 130, the user who downloaded only the user-selected song from the album will be prevented from further rendering of the downloaded material.

A variety of techniques may be employed to assure that the material provided in response to the request corresponds to the material that is contained on the actual CD 130. For example, international patent application WO 01/59705 (Attorney Docket US000040) teaches a self-referential data set wherein each section of a data set, such as a copy-protected album, is uniquely identified by a section identifier that is securely associated with each section. To assure that a collection of sections are all from the same data set, an identifier of the data set is also securely encoded with each section. Using exhaustive or random sampling, the presence of the entirety of the data set is determined, either absolutely or with statistical certainty, by checking the section and data-set identifiers of selected sections.

The verification provided by the verifier 126 as described above can be defeated, however, by responding to the requests from the renderer 122 from the remote site 140 that contains the entirety of the album. That is, rather than downloading the entire album from the remote site 140, the illicit user need only download the desired song, and imitate the presence of the actual CD 130 by providing a CD imitator 142 that provides access to requested material or portions of material via the Internet 144. When the verifier 126 requests a portion of a song, or section of a data set, the CD imitator 142 transforms the request into a download request from the remote site 140, and the requested section is provided to the renderer 122, as if it was provided from the CD 130. Assuming that, for practical purposes, the verifier 126 will be configured to only check for a few sections in an album, the use of the CD imitator 142 will result in a substantially reduced amount of data transfer, compared to the downloading of the entire album, and thus preferable for the illicit download of select songs.

In accordance with this invention, the processor 120 includes a timer 128 that is configured to measure the time between a request from the verifier 126 and a response from an external source, either the actual CD 130, or the remote source 140, to facilitate an assessment by the verifier 126 of the physical proximity of the source of the response. In a preferred embodiment, the verifier 126 is configured to filter or average the response times, so as to allow for minor perturbations in the response time from an authorized source 130, while still being able to distinguish a response from a physically remote source 140. For example, using conventional statistical techniques, the verifier 126 may continue to request sections from the unknown source until a statistically significant difference from the expected response time of a local source 130 is detected. In a simpler embodiment, if the response time is below a delay threshold N out of M times, the verifier 126 is configured to conclude that the source must be local. These and other techniques for assessing physical proximity based on temporal proximity will be evident to one of ordinary skill in the art in view of this disclosure.

The principles of this invention are applicable to other applications as well. In an analogous application, for example, the renderer 122 and access device 132 may be challenge-response devices that are configured to exchange security keys, using for example, a smart card as the media 130. If an unauthorized user attempts to exchange keys by processing the challenge-responses via access to a system that is potentially able to overcome the security of the exchange, the timer 128 will be able to detect the abnormal lag between the challenge and response, and terminate the key-exchange. In like manner, if a system expects all accesses to be from terminals that are in a common physically secured area, the timer 128 will be able to detect abnormal lags if the system becomes a target of a remote access ‘hacker’ or other attempted accesses from outside the physically secured area.

Preferably, the verifier 126 is configured to request random source information. In the example of a CD media 130, the verifier 126 is configured to request access to randomly selected sections on the media 130 until sufficient confidence is gained whether the source is local or remote. In other applications, the verifier 126 is configured to merely monitor, and time, transactions that routinely occur between a requesting device 122 and an access device 132, to detect abnormally long response times. In other applications, the verifier 126 may merely control the order of occurrence of routine data access requests. For example, when reading information from an user's identification device, the verifier 126 may be configured to sometimes ask for the user's name first, identification number next, fingerprint next, and so on: at a next session, the verifier 126 may ask for the identification number first, a voiceprint next, and so on, thereby preventing a pre-recorded sequence of responses.

Similarly, in an application intended to prevent the downloading of data from a remote site, the verifier 126 in the example of FIG. 1 may merely request portions of the requested data in a different order sequence, to determine whether the requested data is local or remote. In like manner, to prevent the unauthorized download of information from a network, the verifier and time may be placed at the remote site, and configured to measure the transport time of the data. For example, in a conventional network having error-detection capabilities, the verifier may be configured to purposely transmit erroneous data, or an erroneous sequence of data, and measure the time duration until a request-for-retransmission occurs. If the receiving site is local, the request-for-retransmission should occur substantially quicker than if the receiving site is remote. In this example, the erroneous transmission constitutes a “requests” for a “response” from the receiving system. These and other timing schemes will be evident to one of ordinary skill in the art.

The foregoing merely illustrates the principles of the invention. It will thus be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devise various arrangements which, although not explicitly described or shown herein, embody the principles of the invention and are thus within its scope. For example, although the invention is presented in the context of detecting responses that are abnormally slow, the principles of the invention can also be applied for detecting responses that are abnormally fast. For example, if a system is configured to read information from a magnetic strip on a card, there is an expected lag associated with the swiping of the card. If the information is provided without this lag, for example, from a computer that is configured to bypass the magnetic strip reader, a security alert may be warranted. These and other system configuration and optimization features will be evident to one of ordinary skill in the art in view of this disclosure, and are included within the scope of the following claims.

The invention can be implemented by means of hardware comprising several distinct elements, and by means of a suitably programmed computer 

1. A security system comprising: a verifier that is configured to determine an authorization, based on one or more responses to one or more requests, and a timer that is configured to measure response times associated with the one or more responses to the one or more requests; wherein: the verifier is configured to determine the authorization based at least in part on an assessment of the response times, the security system comprises a processor to process information depending on the authorization, and an access device configured to execute a challenge-response protocol between the processor and the access device for said determination the authorization during which protocol a security key is exchanged, the timer is configured to measure a response time between a challenge sent during said protocol and a response to the challenge, the response time being correlated to a physical proximity between the processor and the access device, and the verifier is configured to cause the protocol to be terminated depending on an assessment of the response time to the challenge, the assessment including a comparison between the measured response time to the challenge and an expected response time to the challenge.
 2. The security system of claim 1, wherein the verifier is configured to form the assessment based on at least one of: an average of the response times, a comparison of the response times to one or inure threshold times, and a statistical test based on the response times.
 3. The security system of claim 1, wherein the verifier is configured to provide the one or more requests, based on a random selection of one or more items to request.
 4. The security system of claim 1, wherein the assessment of the response times forms an assessment of whether the one or more responses were communicated via a network connection.
 5. The security system of claim 1, further comprising: a renderer that is configured to receive a plurality of data items corresponding to a data set, and to produce therefrom a rendering corresponding to a select data item, the verifier being operably coupled to the renderer, and configured to preclude the rendering corresponding to the select data item in dependence upon whether other data items of the plurality of data items are available to the renderer, and the timer being operably coupled to the verifier and the renderer, and configured to measure response times associated with responses to requests for the other data items from the renderer.
 6. A method for determining an authorization between a receiver and a source of a plurality of data items in a security system, the method comprising: determining by a verifier an authorization based on one or more responses to one or more requests, and measuring by a timer response times associated with the one or more responses to the one or more requests, the response times being correlated to a physical proximity between a first source of the one or more requests and a second source of the one or more responses; determining by the verifier the authorization based at least in part on an assessment of the response times, processing information by a processor depending on the authorization, executing by a renderer a challenge-response protocol between the receiver and the source for said determining the authorization, during which protocol a security key is exchanged, measuring by the timer a response time between a challenge sent during said protocol and a response to the challenge, the response time being correlated to a physical proximity between the processor and the access device, and terminating by the verifier the protocol depending on an assessment of the response time to the challenge, the assessment including a comparison between the measured response time to the challenge and an expected response time to the challenge.
 7. The method of claim 7, wherein determining the response time includes, for each data item of a subset of the plurality of data items: requesting the data item from the source at a first time, receiving the data item at a receiver at a second time, and accumulating a response time measure corresponding to a difference between the second time and the first time; and determining the response time based on the response time measure.
 8. The method of claim 8, wherein the response time measure corresponds to at least one of: an average of the differences between each second and first times, a count based on a comparison of each difference to one or more threshold times, and a statistical parameter based on the differences.
 9. A non-transitory computer readable medium having a program for causing a processor to execute the method of: determining an authorization based on one or more responses to one or more requests, and measuring response times associated with one or more responses to the one or more requests; wherein: the determining of the authorization based at least in part on an assessment of the response times, the method comprises processing information depending on the authorization, and executing a challenge-response protocol between the receiver and the source for said determining the authorization, during which protocol a security key is exchanged, the measuring of the response time includes measuring between a challenge sent during said protocol and a response to the challenge, the response time being correlated to a physical proximity between the receiver and the source, and the method comprises terminating the protocol depending on an assessment of the response time to the challenge, the assessment including a comparison between the measured response time to the challenge and an expected response time to the challenge.
 10. A processor for processing information depending on an authorization, the processor comprising: a challenge-response device configured to execute a challenge-response protocol between the processor and an access device, during which protocol a security key is exchanged, a timer configured to measure a response time between a challenge sent during said protocol and a response to the challenge, the response time being correlated to a physical proximity between the processor and the access device, and a verifier configured to terminate the protocol depending at least in part on an assessment of the response time to the challenge, the assessment including a comparison between the measured response time to the challenge and an expected response time to the challenge.
 11. A processor for processing information depending on an authorization, the processor comprising: a challenge-response device configured to execute a key exchange protocol comprising a challenge-response between the processor and an access device, a timer configured to measure a response time between a challenge sent during said protocol and a response to the challenge, the response time being correlated to a physical proximity between the processor and the access device, and a verifier configured to terminate the protocol depending at least in part on an assessment of the response time to the challenge, the assessment including a comparison between the measured response time to the challenge and an expected response time to the challenge. 